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| 711 |
| | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 718 |
| | Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias | |
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| 1062 |
| | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| 1094 |
| | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1147 |
| | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1492 |
| | The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims | |
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| 1513 |
| | Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain | |
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| 1542 |
| | New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America | |
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| 1571 |
| | The Spanish governor general, Legazpi, makes his capital at Manila,and names the surrounding islands the Philippines after Philip II | |
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| 1697 |
| | In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue | |
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